HIV and Cellular Interaction

 

How cell blocks HIV DNA from entering the nucleus

The cell nucleus in eukaryotic cells is separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane. This nuclear membrane checks the entry of unwanted molecules into the nucleus. The movement of large molecules into the cell nucleus is regulated by large protein structures called nuclear pore complexes. In order to infect the cell productively, HIV must cross the nuclear envelope to integrate viral DNA into the genetic material of the host. Multiple components of the nuclear pore complex and nuclear import machinery enable a protein called human myxovirus resistance 2 (MX2) to inhibit HIV infection. Myxovirus resistance-2 protein is located on the nuclear envelope facing the cytoplasm inhibit infection by blocking the entry and thus the accumulation of HIV within the nucleus. The exact mechanisms of inhibition of viral entry are not known yet.

In another study, Malim and his colleagues said MX2 interacts with multiple protein components of nuclear pore complex and nuclear transport receptor transporin-1. The findings also suggest that TNPO1 and nucleoporin help in position MX2 at the nuclear envelope to promote MX2 mediated restriction of HIV. These insights could lead to the development of more effective therapies for HIV-infected patients.

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Boy or Girl? Father inherit in its Genes

 A Boy or A Girl 

 We all know that men determine the sex of the baby depending on whether their gamete carries the X or Y chromosome. Chromosome X combines with the X chromosome of the mother to make a baby girl (XX) and if there is a Y chromosome, it will make a boy (XY) by combining to X chromosome of the mother's gamete.

But most of us don't know that man carries a tendency in their genes that whether he will have more boys or girls. The research by Corry Gellatly at University shows that men inherit this tendency from their parents and it follows with generations. It is like a man with more brothers will have more sons while a man with more sisters is likely to have more daughters. But in women, you cannot predict this.

A study conducted at Newcastle University suggests that an undiscovered gene controls whether a man will contain more X or more Y chromosomes in their sperm, which determine the sex of his children. 

Boys or Girls?

Each parent inherits one copy of a gene (Each gene consists of two copies or two parts, known as alleles). In his paper, Mr. Gellatly shows that it is likely that a man carries two different types of alleles which give three possible combinations in a gene that control the ratio of X and Y chromosome in a sperm. Let's take Mm as a symbol of that gene:

• So, if a father has a combination of the "MM" allele, he will produce more sperm with a Y chromosome and have more boys.
• In a combination with "Mm" alleles of the gene, he will produce roughly equal numbers of boys and girls.
• And in the third combination of the "mm" allele, he will have more girls.

More boys were born after wars:

In countries that fought in world wars, there was an increase in the number of boys born in years after world war 1 ended. The number of boys was more than the number of girls in some countries compared to the years before the world war started. Gene described by Mr. Gellatly explains why this happened.

Father having more brothers and having more tendency to produce more Y chromosome return from the war seeing for more sons. Those sons were likely to have more boys themselves as they inherited that tendency from their fathers. On the other hand man with more sisters lose their only son in the war, who would have more daughters. This is how men survived the world was were more likely to have more male children.

In counties like the UK and the US, it was recorded that more boys were born compared to the girl in the following year of the world war.

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